Vaccination Status Test Panel — Expanded

Tetanus, or “lockjaw," is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. These bacteria can be found all over the environment, including in dirt, soil and manure. If it enters the body, usually through broken skin from an injury, it makes a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms and can cause a person’s neck/jaw muscles to lock. Other parts of the body can also be affected by these muscle spasms. Tetanus is not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person. This test measures tetanus antitoxoid antibodies.

Diphtheria is caused by strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria. Diphtheria is highly contagious and spreads through the air, usually by coughing or sneezing, and affects the nose and/or throat. People can also get sick with diphtheria by touching infected open sores. This test measures diphtheria antitoxoid antibodies.

Pertussis, also known as "whooping cough," is caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. It is a highly contagious, respiratory infection that causes uncontrollable coughing. Whooping cough can affect all ages, but it can be especially severe in unvaccinated babies. This test measures Bordetella pertussis IgG antibodies.

Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection that occurs primarily in children. Measles infection causes fever, irritability, cough, respiratory illness, pink eye (conjunctivitis) and tiny white spots inside the mouth (Koplik spots) followed by the appearance of a characteristic flat, red rash. The rash usually starts on the face and spreads all over the body. This test measures measles (rubeola) IgG antibodies.

Mumps is a highly contagious, viral infection that typically begins with a high fever and flu-like symptoms (headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of appetite). The mumps virus may cause inflamed salivary glands, puffy cheeks, and a tender, swollen jaw. However, some people with mumps infection may appear without symptoms. This test measures mumps virus IgG antibodies.

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious, viral infection. It may appear mild with a fever, swollen glands, aching joints (especially in young women), or more severely with joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and a distinctive red rash on the face that spreads downward to the rest of the body. Some people with a rubella infection may appear without symptoms. In pregnant women, rubella can cause a miscarriage and birth defects. This test measures rubella IgG antibodies.

The varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a highly contagious virus that can cause both varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). Chickenpox is a contagious viral disease characterized by an itchy, blister-like rash. Initially, the rash appears on the chest, back, and face and then spreads across the body. Most chickenpox and shingles infections resolve without issues. The disease can be more severe and long-lasting in people with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantation. After you have chickenpox, most people become immune to the virus for the rest of their lives, and they usually don’t get chickenpox again. However, the virus stays inactive in your body and can reactivate as shingles later in life. Shingles can cause a viral outbreak of a painful rash or blisters on the skin. Unlike chickenpox, shingles is not contagious. However, VZV is contagious and if you have shingles, you can spread the virus to another person, and they may develop chickenpox. Prior to VZV vaccination, chickenpox was very common in the United States. The chickenpox vaccine uses a small amount of live VZV virus to help protect against chickenpox in individuals 12 months and older. After being exposed to VZV through infection or vaccination, a person's immune system produces antibodies to help fight against the viral infection. This test measures the level of IgG antibodies in the blood produced in response to VZV due to a previous infection or vaccine.

Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and potentially deadly disease. It is caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to person and can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis (can’t move parts of the body). This test is for type 1 and type 3 poliovirus antibodies.

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause liver inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function. You're most likely to get hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with a person or object that's infected. This test measures the level of antibodies to hepatitis A and if positive, will reflex to test for IgM antibodies.

Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is spread from person to person by mixing bodily fluids through sexual contact and sharing needles. HBV may affect a baby during childbirth. Approximately 90% of infants who become infected with HBV are likely to develop a chronic infection. Hepatitis B can be a short-term infection for some people, but for many others, it may become a long-term, chronic condition. Initially, HBV can cause flu-like symptoms, nausea, aching joints, persistent fatigue, and jaundice (yellowing of the eyes or skin). Chronic infections may significantly impair liver function and lead to serious health conditions, such as severe liver scarring (cirrhosis) and liver cancer. There is no cure for HBV, but vaccination can prevent infection. HBV antigens cause the body's immune system to react and make antibodies. Screening is performed with three tests recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to help evaluate HBV infection and immune status.

1. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a marker of HBV infection (acute and chronic) and infectiousness
2. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb) is a marker of past resolved HBV infection or response to vaccination
3. Total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAb) is a marker of current or past infection. If positive, additional testing for HbcAB IgM is performed to determine if the infection is acute or chronic

Positive results for HBsAg and total HBcAb likely indicate HBV infection. The presence of HBcAb IgM indicates an acute infection (symptoms last less than 6 months), and its absence suggests a chronic infection (symptoms last longer than 6 months).

A negative result for HBsAg when HBsAb is positive likely indicates immunity. The presence of total HBcAb indicates immunity is from past resolved infection, and its absence indicates immunity from vaccination.

Meningitis is inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by many different things (virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, etc.) and result in fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity and confusion. This test is for Neisseria meningitidis (bacterial) IgG antibodies.

• Jaw cramping or spasms, or “lockjaw”
• Sudden, involuntary muscle spasms – often in the stomach
• Painful muscle stiffness all over the body
• Trouble swallowing
• Headache
• Fever and sweating
• Changes in blood pressure and heart rate
• Seizures

• Weakness
• Sore throat
• Fever
• Swollen glands in the neck

• Severe coughing fits
• Vomiting during or after coughing fits
• Fatigue after coughing fits
• Runny or stuffed-up nose
• Fever
• Difficulty breathing

• High fever
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Body aches
• Feeling weak or tired
• Pink eye (conjunctivitis)
• Tiny white spots inside the mouth (Koplik spots)
• Flat red spots on the face and neck that become more solid as they spread across the body (measles rash)

• Fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Muscle aches
• Loss of appetite
• Painful swelling of salivary glands located between the ear and jaw (parotitis)
• Puffiness of the cheeks
• Difficulty chewing

• Fever
• Headache
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Ear infection
• Body aches
• Joint pain and stiffness
• Fatigue
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Feeling weak or tired
• Conjunctivitis
• Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)

• Rash
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Loss of appetite
• An extremely itchy blister-like rash that usually appears on the chest, back, and face and then spreads across the body
• Fluid-filled blisters that eventually turn into scabs

• Rash
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Chills
• Upset stomach
• Sensitivity to bright light (photophobia)
• Severe pain, itching, or tingling in the area where the rash develops
• A blistering rash that typically develops on the left or right side of the body, and, in some cases, on one side of the face
• Fluid-filled blisters that eventually dry and crust over

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Vomiting
• Stiffness in neck and pain in limbs
• Paralysis

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea/nausea/abdominal discomfort
• Dark urine
• Jaundice

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Dark urine
• Clay-colored bowel movements
• Joint pain
• Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes)

• Neck stiffness
• Fever
• Confusion/altered mental status
• Headaches
• Nausea/vomiting